The Mental Health Care Field - 2209 Words

In the United States the Mental Health Care field is one of the most underserved areas of healthcare. The mental healthcare field faces many challenges to the proper treatment of patients from both a societal and professional standpoint. From a societal perspective a negative stereotype is associated with patients seeking psychiatric care. Patients seeking care are often labeled as defective or damaged. Add in the complication that most patients with mental illness appear to be normal, accepting that someone is ill without outward symptoms can also be difficult for a society to understand. From a professional perspective the challenges within the mental health care industry include personal prejudice, staffing issues, and problems with coordinating care. The combination of these factors has a direct negative impact on the willingness of individuals suffering from mental illness in seeking the care needed to treat the symptoms of mental illness. Problem 1: Dealing with Stigma While the treatment methodology for mental illness has improved over the last few decades, the negative stigma surrounding those who seek care is still a major roadblock. (Corrigan, 2004) To better understand the term stigma, the definition must first be examined. According to Merriam Webster’s Dictionary Stigma is defined as â€Å"a set of negative often unfair beliefs that a society or group of people have about something; a mark of shame or discredit.† (Stigma, 2015). These views are oftenShow MoreRelatedMental Health And Health Care1213 Words   |  5 Pages1) Mental health treatment has seen substantial improvements within the developed world. However, mental health patients continue to experience difficulties receiving mental health care as opposed to physical health care. There are many barriers to receiving mental health services in the developed world even with the advances in technology and treatment seen in medical treatment. When compared with physical h ealth care services, mental health services delivery continue to face issues (Andrade etRead MoreBibliography Of An Annotated Bibliography1512 Words   |  7 Pagesevidence based practices and issues with the field of psychology such as lack of services, cost and, quality of care. Each annotation addresses the strength of the article, the purpose of the article, the relevance to the field of psychology and its uniqueness. The paper is a very brief synopsis of the article as well as a critique. It is not as concise as a literature review. Keywords: evidence based practice, issues with the field of psychology, mental health services, Annotated BibliographyRead MoreSteve Titensor : A Licensed Marriage And Family Therapist1100 Words   |  5 PagesFamily Therapist, he is my father-in-law, and I found our interview insightful into the mental health field. Even though he knows I am going into social work and we casually talk about his profession and experience, we’ve never discussed many of the questions from this assignment. Currently he is employed at First Step House, an organization that helps individuals struggling with substance abuse and mental health disorders as the Fatherhood Program Manager. He works with men who have children and areRead MoreDisaster Mental Health Workers870 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding and the need for mental health practitioners to understand and treat its effect on those affected, so grew the need for disaster mental health (DMH) workers. As stated by Halpern and Tramontin (2007), although there may be no more stressful setting than a battlefield or combat zone similar symptoms can be found in the unnerving events in day-to-day life (p. 57). â€Å"If traumatic stress had remained relevant only in the context of war, there would be no DMH field† (Halpern Tramontin, 2007Read MoreMental Health : An Essential Part Of Health825 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Mental health is considered as an essential part of health in which an individual recognizes their full capacity to deal with pressures that surround them, work productively and be of positive influence to society. World Health Organization [WHO] (2008) reported that Australia contributes an estimate of 29.4% of neuropsychiatric on the global burden of disease. In 2015 the revised Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation [ANMF] Policy states that the distribution of health care in mentalRead MoreThe Philosophical Framework Missing From Mental Health1517 Words   |  7 PagesWorldwide, mental health challenges are the leading cause of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) and account for 37% of healthy life years lost from Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) (WHO, 2011a). Among the 43 million individuals living with a mental health challenge in the U.S., an average of 40-60% do not receive adequate mental health care, if any at all (SAMHSA, 2015). Research has shown and continues to reveal that the stigma of mental health remains one of, if not the most significant barrierRead MoreThe Enforcement Case Management For Green Door As The Director Of Health Homes911 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Karen Bressler has worked in the field of social work for a little under 20 years, working in the health and mental health environment in the Washington DC metropolitan area. She currently works at Green Door as the Director of Health Homes. Green Doors has a rigorous program that provides mental health services to include psychiatric and counseling services which both are coupled with case management. The agencies case management offers clients with supportive educationRead MoreMental Health And Rural And Remote Practice1661 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this essay is to apply critical thinking and awareness by comparing and contrasting two chosen fields of practice being mental health and rural and remote practice. This paper will discuss a brief historical outline in regards to both fields, together with a statistical overview of certain challenges and concerns that occur within the field of mental health and rural and remote practice. An emphasis will placed on the challenges faced by the client, while comparing and contrastingRead MoreExamining the Skills and Traits of Mental Health Service Workers1136 Words   |  5 Pagesthe mental health of communities and society in general. Physical illnesses such as cancer, heart disease and obesity have drained medical resources everywhere much at the expense of mental health workers. Examining the characteristics of mental health care workers becomes very valuable and informative in approaching this problem. The purpose of this essay is to examine the skills and traits of a mental health service worker in order to better understand what is required to help combat mental illnessRead MoreThe Health Care Industry Has Made Tangible Impacts Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesManaged care is simply a system that delivers health care to a specific population purchased though health insurance plans. It is an approach to financing and delivering health care that seeks to control costs and ensure or impro ve quality of care through a variety of methods, including provider network management, utilization management, and quality assurance. Patients agree to visit only certain doctors and hospitals, which a managing company monitors the cost of the treatment. Managed care has been

The 5 Hearths Of Civilization - 2028 Words

Cainan Balagia Dr. Vickery HQT 31 March 2015 Test 1 History Portion 5 Hearths of Civilization The 5 â€Å"hearths of civilization† are the ancient locations where society first developed. The 5 hearths of civilization are: The Indus River Valley, The Nile River Valley, Mesopotamia, The Huang He River Valley, and Mesoamerica. One thing that each of these unique ancient civilizations had in common was that they were all best suited for agriculture. Generally, this is because each group was located near water and the soil was usable for growing crops. In each of these civilizations, the â€Å"Agricultural Revolution† of about 8,000 B.C.E. was significant because it prompted the people of each land areas to develop farming as a central aspect of sustainability, providing for the development of cities, language, and further development. The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization located in what is now Pakistan and northwest India, on the rich flood plain of the Indus River. The first evidences of religion can be traced back to 5500 B.C.E. Similarly, archeological records show that farming settlements formed around 4000 B.C.E. By 2500 B.C.E. dozens of towns and cities had been established and the Indus Valley Civilization was at its peak (Violatti). The Indus River Valley Civilization had some sort of writing system that is still unknown to modern scholars. The evidence suggests they had a highly developed city life; there was irrigation for farming and an undergroundShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Fahrenheit 451 Homework Questions 980 Words   |  4 Pagesstay up all night, walking, and watch the sun rise.† (Bradbury 69). This quote shows that Clarisse was considered abnormal in her society. 2. The hearth and the salamander compares a fireproof animal, the salamander, to Montag, a fireman. The hearth and home symbolizes his job, setting homes on fire to burn books, but Montag symbolizes the hearth, and the fire he starts symbolizes the home. The salamander represents Montag. I think Keep the home fires burning is a quote that represents theirRead More Essay on Homers Odyssey: Foreshadowing the Homecoming869 Words   |  4 Pagescomfort of home. Her cave has †¦a great fire blazing on the hearth†¦(Bk. 5, ln. 59) and †¦even a god who came into that place would have admired what he saw (Bk. 5, ln. 73-4). This residence is fit for a man of Odysseus’ standing. Odysseus also wants to return to a land without conflict. Kalypso and her deserted island offer peace. Furthermore, Kalypso, †¦singing inside the cave with a sweet voice as she went up and down the loom†¦ (Bk. 5, ln. 61-2), is reminiscent of Penelope. Odysseus wants to returnRead More Fr ankenstein Versus Prometheus Essay642 Words   |  3 Pagesprotagonist Prometheus takes all the human beings under his wing and teaches them the beginning of civilization and changes their lives completely. He grudged men all the gifts that Prometheus had given them and he was angry with Prometheus for granting to these wretched creatures of an hour the ability to shape their lives into something better and to rise their thoughts up to heaven itself. Pg.5. In the story Frankenstein, the protagonist creates a creature to worship and control. Dr. FrankensteinRead More The Greek Attitude Towards Women as seen in the Works of Hesiod723 Words   |  3 Pageswhich, while a marvel to look at, depicts terrible monsters. And if these charms aren’t enough to lure a man into the clutches of woman, men who do not marry and have progeny are doomed to baneful old age with no one to care for his needs,(604-5) and his collateral heirs will divide his goods. At best, a man manages to get a virtuous wife, one endowed with good sense, throughout his life good and evil will alternate endlessly (606-8). The alternative is a wife who is not any good at allRead MoreChinese Mythology1720 Words   |  7 Pagesstories of gods and their culture. China is the worlds oldest continuous civilization (Cotterel 9). Evidence show the earliest Chinese civilization to be found around 1650 B.C. The beginnings of Chinese mythology, started around the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Influenced by alchemist ideas, Taoist and Buddhist superstitions, various writers created storied about their enigmatic surroundings. The beginning of the Chinese civilization is based on mythology. One of the creation myths is about the beginningRead MoreFahrenheit 451 study questions and answers part 1 The Hearth and the Salamander 12363 Words   |  7 PagesFahrenheit 451 The temperature at which book paper catches fire, and burns†¦ Ray Bradbury Part One: The Hearth and the Salamander Part 1: The Hearth and the Salamander 1. a) When does this story take place? The story takes place in the future, approximately 500 years from the time this book was written, so we estimate around the year 2450. The story is also set in the autumn. b) What clue does the author offer to support this theory on page 4? The author uses technology that doesn’t exist yet toRead MoreComparing Evidence of Both Norse and African Presence in the Pre Columbian Americas2401 Words   |  10 Pageswithin the evidence that is presented now of his arrival around the time that links African presence in south America. It also highlights the fact that it was more than just a mere coincidence thus showing a direct link and connection between two civilizations. Professor Van Sertima also present evidence in oceanography to verify historical reports and accounts the journey from West Africa to the Americas was possible. Geographical research shows that there are three major current off the coast of AfricaRead More Social Discrimination 1556 Words   |  7 Pagesdivisiveness. 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(9) (?) on woes of Refugees. (10) High Government official Arrested. (11)Read MoreThe first thing I think of or most people think of when they hear the word Mayans, is how they1600 Words   |  7 Pagesthough, you find out that this not the case at all. And the Mayans didn’t believe that at all it is just a new age theory. The Mayans are such a rich culture and have so much history behind them. The ethnic Mayans are one of the earliest developed civilizations. They are a native Mesoamerican people that were founded back in 250 A.D. The Mayans flourished until about 900 A.D., most say their fall came after the Spanish conquest. Some aspects though still are alive mostly the Mayan Indians of Mexico and

Qualitative of Perceptions and Experience †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Qualitative of Perceptions and Experience. Answer: Introduction With a focus to attain high-quality healthcare, the contemporary health system works to empower patient-centred healthcare processes that hold a keen interest in patient experience. The most widely accepted dimensions of patient care experience involve their care, respect, rights, communication, family involvement in care, accessibility and care coordination (Ignatavicius Workman, 2015). This study demonstrates a detailed account of importance of patient-care experience, patient-family care and partnering in care. A case study of Mr. William Taylor is considered as an example to deeply understand these concepts further referring the facilitators and barriers in the health-care experience of Mr. Taylor. Lastly, study details certain attributes that can work further to empower patient-centred care in Australian healthcare system. Understanding the importance of patient-care experience, patient-family centred care and partnering in the healthcare system by referring personal experience of one case study patient as well as identifying the requirements to promote patient-centred care in Australian healthcare system. Patient-care experience, patient-family centred care and partnering in care As per Marshall, Kitson Zeitz (2012) studies, patient-care experience is the array of interaction between patient and healthcare system involving functionality of nurses, physician, hospital staff, doctors, care planning, practices, barriers and facilities. Further, Rathert, Wyrwich Boren (2013) indicated that patient-family centred care is an important part of patient-centred care that develops patient care experience. But, all alone family-centred care understands the needs of patient families that positively show their involvement with healthcare professionals to help in improving care experience. Basically, the families or family members who cannot leave the hospital or stay in the hospital for some time are considered part of family-centred care. As per Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (ACSQHC) Partnering with Consumer is an opportunity for the consumer to get benefit by working with healthcare professionals in service planning, designing care and service evaluation. This partnership in healthcare helps consumers to create more focus on patient input, needs and priorities (Dossey et al. 2012). Hibbard Greene (2013) indicated that effective consumer partnership in healthcare is interconnected with patient centred care and family centred care that helps to develop an effective patient experience. According to Morgan Yoder (2012) partnership in healthcare works to improve clinical outcomes, decrease healthcare acquired infections; improve care service delivery, effective adherence to treatment schedules and functional status. With this partnership benefits, a high-quality patient care experience can be developed that helps to cope with increasing expectations and demand in the healthcare system. Further, Davidson, Jones Bienvenu (2012) indicated that improvement in patient care experience is important to achieve contemporary priorities of healthcare delivery system. This priority involves patient preference, needs and values to be kept above all healthcare essential. Hesselink et al. (2012) opine that when healthcare management, providers, families and patients work in partnership then a better quality and safety is observed that helps to reduce cost, enhance care and deliver patient satisfaction. Lastly, family-centred care is important to attain a much satisfactory and safe patient care system especially for small childrens in health care. Morgan Yoder (2012) demonstrated an example of the United Kingdom where parents decision making in the healthcare is considered a very important part of their childrens treatment process. Further, family-centred care is important to get friendly and supportive working environment. In the provide case of Mr. Taylor it is clearly specified that he was not much satisfied by the healthcare system especially the care delivery system of the public hospital. In case of Mr. Taylor, person centred care was not observed in public hospital because he was kept at fourth priority position irrespective of his intense pain for 11 hours after fall incidence. Due to this unavailability of patient centred care and bad patient experience at the public hospital, Mr. Taylor in his next fall incidence directly went to his general physician. However, in another fall incidence, his patient experience with his General physician went very well where he was treated nicely with complete attendance, biological testing and good care. Even in his second fall incidence, his confrontation with medical surgeon working in public hospital went bad because surgeon behaviour with Mr. Taylor was rude and non-cooperative. This indicated that patient experience, in this case, was unsatisfactory as well as public healthcare management system required rectification in terms of patient-centred care and family centred care to attain better patient experience. Facilitators and barriers of Mr Taylors health-care experience within the health care system Health-care experience of patients is always a collaboration of minute experiences that can be positive or negative but the overall structure of patient care experience is defined on basis of these minute experiences. Similarly, in case of Mr. Taylor small facilitators and barriers worked to structure his patient care experience. In his recent fall situation, Mr. Taylor went to his General Physician who worked as a facilitator in his healthcare experience because GP provided him with a satisfactory treatment for his fall experience. However, GP suggested Mr. Taylor for visiting a surgeon for further treatment and diagnosis that created a barrier in his healthcare experience because of disappointing surgeon behaviour (rude and not cooperative towards his family). In this fall incident, Mr. Taylor preferred GP instead of moving to the public hospital due to his previous bad experience in public hospital. In previous fall incidence, Mr. Taylor went to the hospital but he was not treated well. Mr. Taylor was kept for 11 hours in intense pain being untreated because his priority number was four in hospital priority system. As per his response, ignorance of care at hospitals in Australia is a big issue. Hence, this priority system worked a barrier in his experience development. Further, the physical health condition of Mr. Taylor also worked as an barrier to attain a good healthcare experience because he was already suffering drastic health conditions that made his recovery very slow. Mr. Taylor suffered health conditions like hypertension, anaemia, deafness, blood pressure, enlarged prostate and reduced tuberous. Mr. Taylor considered his experience with Physiotherapist as a good one where he was provided with exercises that help him to recover. Hence, physiotherapy experience worked as a facilitator in his care experience. However, Mr. Taylor family had a very bad past experience where doctor operated his father with incorrect strategy (doctor removed his limb). The condition of Mr. Taylors father situation got bad after this operation that leads to developing of negative experience with the healthcare system. Lastly, Mr. Taylor indicated that he had a satisfactory experience with the care he received from nurses and other staff members in the hospital. B ut, a more personal approach is required to deal with the patients. Organisational attributes and processes for promoting organisational change and staff practice towards patient-centred healthcare There are various opinions, ideas and processes developed that can help in promoting organisational change as well as staff practice to attain a better patient-centred healthcare system in Australia. Hesselink et al. (2012) stated that one of the most effective attributes is to develop a culture of patient centred care where four working zones should be the improvement in leadership management staff, empowerment of quality and safety, focus on patient responsiveness and establishing a user friendly environment in the healthcare system. This could help to develop a better organisation culture strengthening patient centred care. As in case of Mr. Taylor, his bad experience at the public hospital can be recovered by implementing this culture in public healthcare system of Australia. Further, Marshall, Kitson Zeitz (2012) opine that Australian healthcare system should work on the interpersonal dimensions to strengthen its patient-centred healthcare. The interpersonal dimension involves enriching nurses and physicians training to learn interpersonal communication, workshops to enriching all employee engagement for better teamwork, promoting patient survey and feedback and active involvement of patient advisory committee in the healthcare system. Enriching interpersonal dimension can help to improve workflow within organisation resulting in better functionality (Pinto et al. 2012). As in case of Mr. Taylor, the barrier of lacking patient attention and communication created a negative patient experience, this attribute in organisation change can help to overcome such barriers in healthcare delivery system (Patient and Consumer Centred Care | Safety and Quality, 2017). Conclusion A positive patient experience along with partnership in care should be an important goal in healthcare delivery system to develop a contemporary, customised and personalised approach in Australian healthcare. As per provide case study, patient experience fluctuates as per their personal experience, family responses, experiences and advice. The patient experience is the indicator of healthcare quality and performance. Hence, organisations should implement different process and attribute for the betterment of patient care experience, partnering with care and family centred care. References Dossey, B. M., Certificate, C. D. I. N. C., Keegan, L., Co-Director International Nurse Coach Association. (2012).Holistic nursing. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L. (2015).Medical-Surgical Nursing-E-Book: Patient-Centered Collaborative Care. Elsevier Health Sciences. Davidson, J. E., Jones, C., Bienvenu, O. J. (2012). Family response to critical illness: Postintensive care syndromefamily.Critical care medicine,40(2), 618-624. Hesselink, G., Flink, M., Olsson, M., Barach, P., Dudzik-Urbaniak, E., Orrego, C., ... Vernooij-Dassen, M. (2012). Are patients discharged with care? A qualitative study of perceptions and experiences of patients, family members and care providers.BMJ Qual Saf, bmjqs-2012. Hibbard, J. H., Greene, J. (2013). What the evidence shows about patient activation: better health outcomes and care experiences; fewer data on costs.Health affairs,32(2), 207-214. Marshall, A., Kitson, A., Zeitz, K. (2012). Patients views of patient-centred care: a phenomenological case study in one surgical unit.Journal of Advanced Nursing,68(12), 2664-2673. Morgan, S., Yoder, L. H. (2012). A concept analysis of person-centered care.Journal of Holistic Nursing,30(1), 6-15. Pinto, R. Z., Ferreira, M. L., Oliveira, V. C., Franco, M. R., Adams, R., Maher, C. G., Ferreira, P. H. (2012). Patient-centred communication is associated with positive therapeutic alliance: a systematic review.Journal of physiotherapy,58(2), 77-87. Rathert, C., Wyrwich, M. D., Boren, S. A. (2013). Patient-centered care and outcomes: a systematic review of the literature.Medical Care Research and Review,70(4), 351-379. Patient and Consumer Centred Care | Safety and Quality. (2017).Safetyandquality.gov.au. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/our-work/patient-and-consumer-centred-care/

Om Mani Padme Hum free essay sample

Om mani padme hum. I sip my sweetened, roasted, yerba mate from my cuia(gourd) with a customary bomba (filtering straw) and write an email to a friend in Portanol, a blend of Portuguese and Spanish that, while a bad idea to use in the real world, is fun for socializing. Om mani padme hum. I count my Tibetan prayer beads through my hands, one at a time with my right thumb, stopping to utter a special prayer of compassion and self guidance at each of the three small beads. Om mani padme hum. The kettle starts to whimper, so I steep my green tea and sit down with two beverages now from opposite sides of the world and pull up Facebook. Thats a pretty typical evening for me. Before I do my homework, before I eat dinner, I socialize a little, and unwind as its good for the soul. We will write a custom essay sample on Om Mani Padme Hum or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I am a professed tea drinker. Beyond that, I cant really say I am committed to any one religion. I am a Buddhist, Thelemite, Christian, Taoist, Pagan, Hindu, Occultist practitioner of Shamanism, supporter of Islam, and lover of the Universe. How does that make a tea drinker? Tea is what inspired it all. It started when I found a green tea I liked. I did some research and found out I was drinking a Japanese sencha. Its a surprisingly natural and simple flavor to come from a country where the hustling, bustling Tokyo stands as a focal point. I then jumped the sea and tried some oolong, a smoky, black tea that Chinese medicine prescribes for the winter just as it prescribes green tea for the summer. Sipping oolong, it wasnt very hard to see the Tao in the snow falling under the Illinois moon, in the steam rising from the mug of amber liquid, in my own misting breath. From oolong I went to darjeelings and assams, Indian grown black teas each with a unique flavor. In India I experimented with chai, a sweet, creamy, spiced sensation reminiscent of the Hindu religion. Dancing Shiva, smiling Ganesha, even the exacting Kali are brewed in the universe under Brahma, so too is chai made with thousands of flavors and ingredients, varied by region, all united in one drink, one word, the tea of t he polytheistic monotheist. India brought me to London where I found many a delightful blend of black and flavored teas, including that beloved classic: Earl Gray. Now I was here for a while until I picked up some red tea, really an herbal infusion of the rooibos plant, and found myself in Africa, where indigenous societies and Shamans still practice in a beautiful and primal environment. I could taste the dancing around a fire, the chanting and then I was in Australia and North America as well, cold earth under my. White tea was the only flavor that had eluded me, but eventually the delicate nature of the tea became clear to me. Like the taste of a gentle crown, the flavor of meditation under a bodhi tree, and a tonic with such an effect in its subtlety, similar to the beauty of the Saviors faith, rediscovered in the garden of Gethsamane as sacred blood poured from his pores from the profound nature of his prayers. Tea, black, green, white, red, or herbal started my heart and as it filled my belly and my mouth so too did it plant a seed in me. With every sip of my connection to the sacred, I know I will be met with only more success and I will never stop influencing those around me with tea bags and quotes from canon, to create a culture of universal contentment.

Free Essays on Character And Point Of View In A&P

Character and Point of View in â€Å"A&P† The story â€Å"A&P† is a short story that has many good qualities. It is told from the first person point of view of Sammy. The story is about the brief experience of three young women in bathing suits in the A&P store where Sammy worked as a cashier. The story shows us much about Sammy and how he views the world. This view of Sammy is made more complete because the story is told from his point of view. This enables the reader to see what he is thinking and to have a better understanding of how he may be feeling. The story, â€Å"A&P† show us much about how young men may sometimes view the world. In the story â€Å"A&P† the main character is a grocery store clerk named Sammy. Sammy is a young man who had turned nineteen the past April. The story is told from Sammy’s perspective which gives us insight into his thoughts and emotions. Sammy is a selfish, shallow young man views women mainly as objects for men to lust after. Sammy’s view of women is reinforced time and time again throughout the story. Within the first five lines of the story he begins to stare at and then describe a young girl’s â€Å"can† to the point that he is distracted enough as to not know whether he had rung up a box of HiHo crackers that he has in his hands. His disrespectful view of the female gender is again brought to light in the way he describes the woman who he has accidentally charged twice for the HiHo crackers. He describes her as a witch and immediately begins to say that she probably had enjoyed yelling at him for making a mistake. He then proceeds to make a comment about how he had to â€Å"smooth her feathers† and stated that had she been born at the right time she would have been burned at the stake. After he gets done criticizing the customer his attention returns to the three young girls in bathing suits. He begins to describe each one’s appearance being sure to point out any flaws tha... Free Essays on Character And Point Of View In A&P Free Essays on Character And Point Of View In A&P Character and Point of View in â€Å"A&P† The story â€Å"A&P† is a short story that has many good qualities. It is told from the first person point of view of Sammy. The story is about the brief experience of three young women in bathing suits in the A&P store where Sammy worked as a cashier. The story shows us much about Sammy and how he views the world. This view of Sammy is made more complete because the story is told from his point of view. This enables the reader to see what he is thinking and to have a better understanding of how he may be feeling. The story, â€Å"A&P† show us much about how young men may sometimes view the world. In the story â€Å"A&P† the main character is a grocery store clerk named Sammy. Sammy is a young man who had turned nineteen the past April. The story is told from Sammy’s perspective which gives us insight into his thoughts and emotions. Sammy is a selfish, shallow young man views women mainly as objects for men to lust after. Sammy’s view of women is reinforced time and time again throughout the story. Within the first five lines of the story he begins to stare at and then describe a young girl’s â€Å"can† to the point that he is distracted enough as to not know whether he had rung up a box of HiHo crackers that he has in his hands. His disrespectful view of the female gender is again brought to light in the way he describes the woman who he has accidentally charged twice for the HiHo crackers. He describes her as a witch and immediately begins to say that she probably had enjoyed yelling at him for making a mistake. He then proceeds to make a comment about how he had to â€Å"smooth her feathers† and stated that had she been born at the right time she would have been burned at the stake. After he gets done criticizing the customer his attention returns to the three young girls in bathing suits. He begins to describe each one’s appearance being sure to point out any flaws tha...

Iliad Outline

Iliad Outline Book OneSupplication. Plague. Quarrel. Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book I Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book II Paris Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book III Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book IV Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book V Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book VI Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book VII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book VIII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book IX Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book X Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XI Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XIII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XIV Apollo Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XV Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XVI Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XVII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XVIII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XIX Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XX Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XXI Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XXII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XXIII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XXIV

Cybercrime Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cybercrime - Research Paper Example People want their personal information to remain that way, personal. But can this really be achieved? Daily there are headlines telling us of yet another story of information being stolen by a criminal or looked upon by the government. There’s also the issue of wiretapping phones and having hidden security cameras. Some time ago, AT&T mentioned, â€Å"While account information may be personal to you, these records†¦are owned by AT&T and it may disclose such records to protect its legitimate business records, safeguard others or respond to legal process.† (Lamb, 2011) As history shows, there are truly malicious people among us, and even the most meticulous people can make mistakes, and security experts are becoming very wary of the privacy future for America (Marks, 2008). With such statements, it’s easy to feel that privacy may as well become a thing of the past. Cybercrime can be done in different ways and can occur anywhere. There are two categories of cyb ercrime. The first type involves crimes in which information and communications technologies are the target of offenses. Examples of this are computer vandalism, viruses, and the like. The other type involves crimes where technologies are used as tools to commit an offense, such as computer hacking. These two types are the umbrella categories, but there are many other subcategories involved in cybercrime. The computer may be the agent of the crime, the facilitator of the crime, or the target of the crime. The crime may take place in one location or sometimes in a network of locations. The end results of this type of crime include, to name a few, cyber drug trafficking, child pornography, identity theft, and phishing. But exactly what is being done to fight this? One may ask. The President’s Critical Infrastructure Protection Board (PCIPB) has come up with a draft plan for upgrading the nation’s cyberspace infrastructure. This strategy calls for the cooperation of home computer users, business users, state and local governments, with the overall goal being empowering all Americans to secure their portions of cyberspace. The executing of the plan requires six steps, they being: educating and creating awareness among users of cyberspace, producing more secure technologies, developing a large and well-qualified cyber security workforce, fostering responsibility among individuals for security at all levels, increasing accountability and updating security practices, and finally developing early warning and sharing of information that will help with early detection of attacks and leading to the appropriate response. The US also seeks to ask for the participation of foreign counterparts as well in a peer-to-peer dialogue that aims to make an effective business case for cyber security and attain successful means for partnering with governments on cyber security. (Washington File, 2002) Other states have enacted what is known as a â€Å"security freezeâ⠂¬  legislation which allows its citizens to lock their credit files against anyone who tries to open a new account or gain new credit, and they’re hoping this will keep thieves from exploiting stole Social Security numbers. (Lamb, 2006) There are also propositions of making of a â€Å"new internet†. â€Å"The whole notion of privacy and security has become so elusive that the

Who are the typical winners and losers in an inflation and how does Essay

Who are the typical winners and losers in an inflation and how does inflation make them winners or losers - Essay Example Stockholders will benefit from a higher inflation as the factors that increase the price of goods also increases the values of companies (Money Expert 7). Also, as prices of products increase, owners of small businesses will be in a position to manage fixed-rate debt from investments in different business requirements. Citizens who earn low incomes may find it tough during the times of inflation. Low-income earners tend to have their wealth in cash unlike the wealthy who invest in real and financial assets. Low-income earners face challenges because inflation affects the value of their primary asset, which is cash (Money Expert 9). When a country faces inflation, the value of money goes down, and people tend to spend often since they have to spend all the money in their possession. The people on fixed incomes will find it challenging when inflation is high; unanticipated inflation on fixed income earners will make their income go down. High inflation also affects the economy of a country since the consuming power of citizens goes down while the standard of living reduces (Miller

Questions and Answers on Intermolecular Forces Essay Example for Free

Questions and Answers on Intermolecular Forces Essay Intermolecular forces written response Hexane and Water do not mix. When the two substances are combined they separate into layers in the same manner oil and water do. Explain why this is? Well to begin with this, these two things are very dissimilar. Water is considered polar and secondly hexane is considered non-polar. Polar and non-polar cannot mix together they are to different substances. Polar solutes will dissolve in polar solvents and non-polar solutes will dissolve in non-polar solvents, this is where the expression ‘like dissolves like’ comes from. When theses two substances are combined they form different layers and this is because hexane is denser then water. Another very important reason to remember is that water is only soluble with nitrogen, fluorine, and oxygen. These two liquids are said to be immiscible. Water and oil will not mix for the same reason water is polar and oil is non-polar and for the same exact reason they are not mixable in a solution. Methane, ammonia and water are chemically similar. Yet the three substances have very different boiling points. Explain why this is true? This is due to the bonding between the molecules. The stronger they are the hotter you must make the liquid to cause it to boil. Intermolecular forces are the forces between the molecules of a substance. If a substance has very strong intermolecular forces, it is likely to be a solid, and if it has very weak intermolecular forces it is more likely to be a gas, and this is because there would be less attraction among the molecules (strong intermolecular force=more attraction between molecules). As you know, when you boil something, you are changing it from a liquid to a gas which means you would want to decrease the attraction among the molecules of the substance by adding energy. If a substance has intermolecular forces that are stronger, you would need more energy to overcome the forces which means it would have a higher boiling point (higher boiling point=higher temperature=more heat=more energy). The opposite is also true. If a substance has weaker intermolecular forces, less energy is required to decrease the attraction among the molecules and therefore it would have a lower boiling point. Ammonia and water have higher boiling points due to hydrogen bonding. Methane has a low boiling point because it belongs to the weakest London dispersion forces.

Christianity And Lord Of The Rings Essay -- essays research papers

If the study of literature shows nothing else, it shows that every author, consciously or subconsciously, creates his (or her) work after his (or her) own worldview. Tolkien is no exception. "I am a Christian..." he writes(1), and his book shows it. Christianity appears not as allegory--Tolkien despises that(2)--nor as analogy, but as deep under girding presuppositions, similarities of pattern, and shared symbols. That there should be similarities between the presuppositions of of The Lord of the Rings and Tolkien's Catholic faith is to be expected given Tolkien's own views on Christianity and myth. Regarding the gospel story Tolkien wrote, "The gospels contain a fairy-story, or a story of a larger kind which embraces all the essences of fairy-stories."(3)Since all myths are subordinate to the overarching "myth," it would be surprising if parallels were not found between greater and lesser. This is certainly true where the author consciously recognizes his archetype. If he has at all grasped its form and meaning, if the archetype has at all succeeded in working its way to his heart, then it must also work its way to his pen. The essence of the gospel and of fairy-tales is, in Tolkien's own word, euchatastrophe--the surprising, hopeful turn in all man's despair and sorrow. Joy is the result, a brief glimpse springing out of the inherent evangelium of the genre.(4)This is the dominant note of, and even the apology for, fairy-tales. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings trilogy is set in a pre-Christian world. Hence it cannot adopt an explicit Christianity. Nonetheless it can, and does, shadow Christianity just as the Old Testament pre-shadowed the New, although admittedly Tolkien's is a post-view set as a pre-view. The Christian types to be found in The Lord of the Rings which we will examine are of two sorts: shared world view and shared symbols. The first category embraces such distinctly philosophical issues as good and evil, historical perspective, freewill and predestination, grace, mercy, providence, judgment and redemption. The development of these themes in The Lord of the Rings is Christian or at least Hebraic. Shared imagery is no less important to the tenor of the whole work. An example of shared imagery is the antithesis of dark and light so evident in both John the Apostle and Tolkien. Observe the close connection between Hal... ...Apollo Editions) pp. 158-77.[back] 18. I-347. [back] Additonal References Auden, W. H. "Good and Evil in The Lord of the Rings." Critical Quarterly 10 (Spring/Summer 1968) pp 138-42. ------------ "A World Imaginary but Real." Encounter 3 (November, 1954) pp. 59-62. Callahan, Patrick J. "Animism and Magic in Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings." Riverside Quarterly, Volume 14 No. 4 (March 1971) pp. 240-250. Kocher, Paul Harold. Master of Middle Earth; the Fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972. Meisel, Sandra L. "Some Motifs and Sources for The Lord of the Rings." Riverside Quarterly 3 (March 1968) pp. 125-8. Pfotenhauer, Paul. "Christian Themes in Tolkien." Cresset 32 (January 1969) pp. 13-15. Sale, Roger. "England's Parnassus: C. S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and J. R. R. Tolkien." Hudson Review 17 (Summer, 1964) pp. 203-225. Stimpson, Catherine R. J. R. R. Tolkien. Columbia Essays on Modern Authors #41. New York:Columbia University Press, 1969. Urang, Gunnar. Shadows of Heaven: Religion and Fantasy in the Writings of C. S. Lewis, Charles Williams and J. R. R. Tolkien. Philadelphia: Pilgrim Press, 1971.

Enhancing Special Education Programs in Public Schools Systems Essay

Some of the ways to enhance the special education program in public school system includes that the needs of special students should be deeply analyzed and their education should be jointly and collaboratively done by the three entities: the educators, the parents and the students themselves. The students should be mainstreamed into appropriate extracurricular activities in order to sort out and enhance their abilities. For effective teaching multimedia aids should be used and individualized education programs along with strong Math and Language art programs should be conducted and Integrated Instruction system for education should also be used , it is a teaching model defined as â€Å"flexible schedules and student groupings, relationships between ideas, a blending of subjects, an emphasis on project-based learning, and use of thematic interdisciplinary units to organize instruction† (Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, 2001). Other collaboration technologies should be used for intra faculty communication and for alliance with special student research organizations. Diversity is obvious in the schools because each and every student in the classroom has a significant and different background and history. It is not true that the diversified students are like new box of crayons nor they are like liquid colors who lost their individuality in mixing pot, rather they are like stubs and shaved crayons which has been used in the past to give them experience but each crayon has its own potential to create a unique future. In diversified class students should be involved deeply and the things taught should reflect their personal individual experiences. The more the students are diversified the more educators need to involve the students in and the more is the need to let them apply ,what they are learning, into their experience.

Psychology-Carl Jung Essay

Chapter 1 is titled: Dream-Analysis in Its Practical Application. The use of dream-analysis according to Jung in psychotherapy is still a debated topic/question. Some practitioners find using dream-analysis to be necessary in treating neuroses while others find that it is simply part of the psyche. If dream-analysis is to be treated then recognizing the unconscious is a must. It is a method for discovering the unconscious psychic contents that are related to neuroses. Jung says that the analysis and interpretation of dreams can be justified scientifically due to the fact that the unconscious plays a part in neurosis and because dreams are expressing directly from the unconscious activity. Dreams give a correct picture of the subjective state although the conscious mind denies this exists. According to Jung, dreams are to be on the same level as physiology. He gave the example that if sugar is seen in urine, then urine contains sugar. He used that because he believes dreams are facts which are valuable for diagnosis. It allows an insight for the cause of neuroses as well as a prognosis. It can show at what point the treatment should begin. Jung states that the Freudian view believes it necessary for the patient to be conscious of his/her disturbances (surviving the trauma). Jung doesn’t deny that some neuroses have a traumatic origin but he does not believe that all neuroses are of this origin. In order for the dream or neurosis to have true significance, a causalistic approach only will not suffice. Shortly after the beginning of treatment, dreams seem to become less transparent. There can start to become a difficulty in interpretation due to the doctor being unable to understand the whole situation. Jung states that unintelligible dreams are a result of the doctor’s subjective opinion being reflected. It is essential for the analyst to admit a lack of understanding when it occurs in therapy. By stretching the truth, the analyst appeals to the patient’s brain, however, helping him/her grow into their truth reaches the heart. There are secrets of the inner life that dreams give information about as well letting the dreamer know some things about their personality. Chapter 3 is titled: The Aims of Psychotherapy. The formation of neurosis and basic principles of therapy are not agreed upon by psychochologists/psychoanalysists. According to Jung, many people find that explaining their troubles give them an urge to power that comes from a sense of inferiority. The psychotherapist’s successes teach him little or nothing. His/her failures are priceless in that they force him/her to change their views and/or methods. Jung states that it makes no sense to teach from the Freudian viewpoint to a patient to whom the Adlerian theory applies. The doctor is not really in a better position than the patient’s psyche to know what is wanted, although it unconscious to the patient. When it comes to psychic constitution, some people have a spiritual attitude and some a materialistic one. These attitudes show ingrained passions. Jung lets his experience be the decision making tool in terms of therapy. Great choices of life have more to do with instincts than conscious will. Jung’s contribution to psychotherapy for those cases where rational treatment produces no satisfactory results, are confined. Roughly 1/3 of his patients are not suffering from clinical neurosis but from the emptiness of their lives. By meditating on a dream thoroughly, something always comes out of it. It is an important hint that shows the patient the unconscious leading him/her. Jung says there is difficulty when dreams do not show anything tangible. Those dreams give clues of possibilities and never can be made plausible to an outsider. Dreams that contain mythological images can be strange and baffling. For Jung, primitive psychology, mythology, comparative religion, and archaeology is important as they provide analogies that enriches the lives of his patients. Jung says that creative fantasy is the origin for all works of man. This activity of imagination frees man from the â€Å"nothing but† to a spirit of play. Jung’s aim is to create a psychic state where the patient can begin to experiment with their own nature. â€Å"The least of things with a meaning is worth more in life than the greatest of things without it† (Carl Jung). Chapter 5 is titled: The Stages of Life. The problems associated with stages of human development means to unfold a picture of psychic life from cradle to grave. According to Jung, our psychic processes are made up of reflections, experiments, and doubts. They are all foreign to the unconscious mind of man. The existence of problems comes from the growth of consciousness. When man turns away from instinct it creates consciousness. Problems draw an isolated state where nature abandons and consciousness is driven. Even in that, a wider and higher consciousness gives us certainty and clarity. In dealing with problems, we instinctively refuse the way that leads through darkness yet want gratifying results. Knowing is based on a conscious connection with psychic contents. Jung talks about how it seems that young people who struggle with their existence are spared inner problems and those whom adapt easily run into sex problems or conflicts arising from a sense of inferiority. Those who try and protect themselves against the new or strange, regress back to the past and falls in the same neurotic state as the one who can identify the new but runs from the past. Whatever the past gives to us is normally adapted to future possibilities and demands. The design and meaning of a problem does not lie in the solution but in the constant working at it. Statistics show that there is a rise in mental depression cases for men around 40. For women, neurotic difficulties show up earlier. According to Jung, a human being could not live to 70 or 80 if the longevity had no meaning for the species. Jung states that we do not know what happens to a person after they are dead. There are no scientific proofs about it. From the psychotherapy view, it is more desirable to think of death as a transition-a part of the life process whose time and extent escapes our knowledge. The working of the intellect is an understanding that thinking is an equation that nothing comes out of but what we put in. Chapter 6 is titled: Freud and Jung-Contrasts. Widely accepted ideas are not the personal property of their author. Contrary, the author is the servant of his ideas. We do not create ideas, they create us. True expression helps us achieve the best. It consists in giving form to what we observe. Jung states that Freud’s theory regarding sexuality, infantile pleasure and the conflict they have with reality is the truest expression of his psychic makeup. Jung points out that he is not an opponent of Freud. He says our perception is conditioned by what we are. Since we are all different, we see and express things differently. Jung looks at man in ways of health and soundness trying to free the sick from Freud’s point of view. Jung states that Freud’s teaching is one-sided generalizing facts only from neurotic states of mind. According to Jung, Freud made a mistake going against philosophy. Jung has never refused philosophical criticism. He knows that every word he speaks, carries something of himself. He doesn’t doubt that natural instincts are forces of propulsion in human life despite if they are called sexuality or the will to power. Yet, he doesn’t doubt also that these instincts collide with the spirit. Jung attributes a positive value to religion and biology. Freud attributed sexuality as the only driving psychic power. Jung says that only after he split from Freud did Freud begin to acknowledge equal status for to other psychic activities. Although Freud says Jung denies the importance of sexuality in psychic life, Jung claims otherwise. Jung says he tries to set limits to the terminology of sex and merely put it in its place. What Freud describes is that sexual obsession that comes out when a patient has reached the point where him/her needs to be led out of a wrong situation or attitude. Theology cannot help those who are looking for an answer because it demands faith and faith cannot be made. Jung states that we are faced with a need for rediscovering the life of the spirit. According to Jung the contrasts go back to their differences in their basic assumptions. Chapter 10 is titled: The Spiritual Problem of Modern Man. This spiritual problem is a question that belongs to the present but yet we cannot judge fully. It has to do with something universal. To be whole of the present means to be completely conscious of one’s existence and requires intensive and extensive consciousness. Moving forward is act of tearing loose all that embraces unconsciousness which claims the bulk of man. It is a painful fact that every good side has a bad one. According to Jung, modern man has suffered a fatal shock and as a result has fell into profound uncertainty. Jung says that a spiritual need has surfaced. He says there has never been a time where the psyche did not manifest itself but it didn’t attract so much attention until now. The psychic life has always expressed in a metaphysical system. Jung says he used to believe it was his duty to call people to order but not admits the need in calling himself to order. He says that science has destroyed the refuge of the inner life-it once was a haven and now a place of terror. A compensation in the unconscious arises when a piece of the conscious life loses value. The noisome and secrets of the inner life, to the modern man, are valuable because they serve his/her purpose. Psychological insight seems to trespass personal life and therefore, it meets with personal resistance and denial. Jung emphasizes that the unconscious has an attraction for healthy minds and not just the sick. Jung says we are only at the beginning of a new spiritual awareness. Need and distress breed new forms of life. A new self-awareness comes from the attractive power of the psyche. There is a psychic life in the end that embraces us all. Modern Man In Search Of A Soul actually chose me instead of me choosing it. I was looking through the psychoanalysts and psychologists that were studied in class. None really sparked an interest in me like Carl Jung. The funny thing is we have all heard of Freud and he is probably one of the more popular choices for such an assignment. However, I wanted someone who contributed just as well to the field of psychology but wasn’t really in the lime light. I had to research all of Jung’s theories to make sure I was comfortable with choosing him. I found a sort of connection with Jung. I was about to buy one book when my eyes happened to glance downward and saw this one. How more spiritual than that? I wanted something to be able to relate to and believe in. Low and behold, this book showed up. There are a total of 11 chapters in this book. Surprisingly, it was not hard to choose the ones that were of interest to me. The first chapter talked about dream analysis. I believe, like Jung, that dreams do tell a lot about and to the dreamer. Some examples he gave in the book were amazing. I wonder at times if people who write books about their work exaggerate on what really took place. For whatever reason, I believe Jung wholeheartedly. Dreams can show what steps to take next as well as what steps not to take. Most of us forget the dreams we have yet there are some dreams that stick with us forever. I believe this happens because it kept in the subconscious mind. We make ourselves aware of the dream as it has significance in our present life. I can see how it can be difficult for the doctor not to judge or impress his/her beliefs on the patient/client. The chapter about the stages of life was interesting. I see myself and I also see my mother in the stages that were presented. Jung states that what keeps one from being ultimately happy is the refusal to be open to new experiences. When we transition from childhood to adolescence, nature sort of abandons us to the conscious world. He used the biblical analogy of the fall of man to the beginning awareness of consciousness as a curse. The chapter regarding the contrasts between Freud and Jung speaks for itself. They both contributed significantly to the field of psychology. Most theorists have their foundation in Freud’s theories. Many began to break away from him and form their own theories, which to me is just like the transition from adolescence to adulthood. As an adolescence we are under the wings of our parents and thus for most of us we believe what our parents have taught us. Once we transition to adulthood, we have a better understanding of life and will experience things that will and can make our view different from our parents in some areas. The last chapter I summarized about was the spiritual problems of modern man. I believe the mind does have a spiritual connection. Like Jung I don’t see how one cannot see that there is a link between the psyche and spirit. I agree with Jung when he talks about life after death. How can we know what really happens if no one dies and then comes back to tell us what happens. There is no definite answer. This book report has proven to be very insightful. It has broaden my horizon and made me think. The good thing is, it makes more than ever ready to study more.

Free Essays on Development Of Christianity

The Development of Christianity Karl Marx once said, â€Å"Religion is the opiate of the masses†, this making religion a controlled substance which free practicing citizens feed off of. Religion gives people a back bone; it instills a feeling of comfort knowing that because of religion, people will not sin, or people will be good to others. Yet if religion makes people good and respectful why do people all over the world feel necessary to kill for their respective god or goddess. There are six thousand five hundred religions in the world today. And many wonder why so much religion based terror acts occur on a daily basis. It is because of the vast number of religions why we live each day in fear. It’s the people who feel their religion is superior, and feel the need to use violence to prove their point. In today’s society how did the world as whole derive so many religions? For the most part starting a new religion is not too difficult. All one needs is a new belief and followers. Take for exam ple the development of Christianity. Christianity was started by Jesus of Nazareth, a Jew, who like many others was unhappy with the beliefs of Judaism. Christians were called so because of Jesus’ title Christos, which is Greek for Messiah. Jesus was born in Bethlehem, near Jerusalem, and grew up in the town of Nazareth. Contrary to its late rising, the new religion slowly caught on. Paul of Tarsus was considered the most important religious leader in the developing and spreading of Christian beliefs, although the religions messiah is considered to be Jesus. The Roman governor took Jesus into his control and Pontius Pilate demanded his crucifixion, because Pilate feared Jesus may start an uprising. However, a number of devoted followers were able to spread the story of Jesus. They pronounced that Jesus had overcome death, been resurrected and rose into Heaven. Still after Jesus was crucified, Paul of Tarsus wrote letters and epistle... Free Essays on Development Of Christianity Free Essays on Development Of Christianity The Development of Christianity Karl Marx once said, â€Å"Religion is the opiate of the masses†, this making religion a controlled substance which free practicing citizens feed off of. Religion gives people a back bone; it instills a feeling of comfort knowing that because of religion, people will not sin, or people will be good to others. Yet if religion makes people good and respectful why do people all over the world feel necessary to kill for their respective god or goddess. There are six thousand five hundred religions in the world today. And many wonder why so much religion based terror acts occur on a daily basis. It is because of the vast number of religions why we live each day in fear. It’s the people who feel their religion is superior, and feel the need to use violence to prove their point. In today’s society how did the world as whole derive so many religions? For the most part starting a new religion is not too difficult. All one needs is a new belief and followers. Take for exam ple the development of Christianity. Christianity was started by Jesus of Nazareth, a Jew, who like many others was unhappy with the beliefs of Judaism. Christians were called so because of Jesus’ title Christos, which is Greek for Messiah. Jesus was born in Bethlehem, near Jerusalem, and grew up in the town of Nazareth. Contrary to its late rising, the new religion slowly caught on. Paul of Tarsus was considered the most important religious leader in the developing and spreading of Christian beliefs, although the religions messiah is considered to be Jesus. The Roman governor took Jesus into his control and Pontius Pilate demanded his crucifixion, because Pilate feared Jesus may start an uprising. However, a number of devoted followers were able to spread the story of Jesus. They pronounced that Jesus had overcome death, been resurrected and rose into Heaven. Still after Jesus was crucified, Paul of Tarsus wrote letters and epistle...

The Flowering Chanticleer Callery Pear Tree

The Flowering Chanticleer Callery Pear Tree The Chanticleer Callery Pear was selected as the Urban Tree of the Year in 2005 by trade arborist magazine City Trees  for its unique combination of resistance to blight and limb breakage, bright foliage, and great form. Compared to some of the pears relatives like the commonly planted Bradford pear tree, the Chanticleer Pears limb strength and strong branching make for a more reliable urban plant as its unlikely to require city maintenance like limb clean-up or installing reinforcing poles to keep the trees from breaking.  The tree also produces small white flowers in the spring, and its leaves turn a rich, plum color tinged with claret in the fall, making it a popular  fall foliage  plant. The Chanticleer Pear was first discovered during the 1950s on the streets in Cleveland, Ohio, and noted for its desirable characteristics. The tree was commercially introduced in 1965 by the famous Scanlon Nursery, which first called it the Chanticleer Pear. It has until recently been one of the most recommended trees suggested by municipal arborists.   The Flowering Pear Pyrusis is the botanical name for all pears, most of which are valued for their blossoms and delicious fruits and cultivated commercially throughout much of the U.S. and Canada; however, Callery Flowering Pears do not, however, produce an edible fruit.   Pears can be grown throughout the temperate regions where winters are not too severe and there is adequate moisture, but pears do not survive where temperatures fall lower than 20 F below zero (-28 C). In the warm and humid southern states, planting a pear should be limited to blight-resistant varieties such as many of the Callery Pear varieties. The variety named Chanticleer is a mostly ornamental tree that reaches a height ranging from 30 to 50 feet that can withstand pollution and be grown along roads due to their ability to process higher levels of car exhaust. In the spring, clusters of 1-inch white flowers cover the tree, and pea-sized, inedible fruits follow the flowers; in the fall,  the leaves of this tree turn shiny dark red to scarlet. Unique Features of Chanticleer Pear Trees Mark Burstyn/Getty Images The Chanticleer Pear is an upright-pyramidal tree that is much narrower than other ornamental pears, making it a valuable addition to landscapes where lateral space to spread is limited. It has attractive flowers, foliage, and fall color, and the bark is at first smooth with numerous lenticels, light brown to reddish-brown, then later turning grayish brown with shallow furrows. The Chanticleer Pear is less susceptible to early freezes than other pears, very adaptable to many different soils, and resistant to fireblight, and tolerates drought, heat, cold, and pollution, though it cannot survive in dry, waterlogged, or alkaline soil. Chanticleers should be grown in a location with full sun exposure and do require pruning and trimming in the winter or early spring for optimal growth. Because of its shape and branching structure, the crown is less prone to branch breakage with heavy winter snow.   Arthur Plotnik, in The Urban Tree Book, suggests the Chanticleer cultivar is one of the most promising...it is disease resistant, exceptionally cold-hardy, heavily flowered, and richly colored in autumn; reportedly, it even offers a few bonus flowers in fall. The Pear's Downside Some cultivars of the Callery Pear, usually the newer varieties, have the ability to grow fruit that produces viable seed. However, there are many states that are now dealing with non-native species invading their environments. According to Invasives Invasive and Exotic Trees list, states now dealing with escaped invasive pears include Illinois, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. Many cultivars are generally unable to produce fertile seeds when self-pollinated or cross-pollinated with another tree of the same cultivar. However, if different cultivars of Callery Pears are grown within insect-pollination distance, about 300  feet, they can produce fertile seeds that can sprout and establish wherever they are dispersed. Another primary concern for this variety of pear tree is that Callery Pears in full bloom produce an undesirable odor. Horticulturist Dr. Michael Durr calls the smell malodorous but gives the tree high marks for beauty in landscape design.

High Heeled Shoes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

High Heeled Shoes - Essay Example The history of heels is not clear, although they date back to pre-Christian times. Egyptian butchers wore high heels to raise them above the carnage, and Mongolian horseman had heeled boots for gripping their stirrups firmly. The first recorded year heels were worn for vanity was 1533, when Catherine de Medicis brought heels from Florence to Paris for her marriage to the Duke d'Orleans. The style was instantly set forth by ladies from the French court (The history of heels, n.d.). High heels are not a modern day invention. Rather, they enjoy a diverse history, for both men as well as women. Despite arguments over when high heels were first used, but there is a consensus that heels were worn by both men and women throughout the world for many centuries and for a range of reasons (heeled wiki). The first officially recorded moment of the wear of high heels involved the 1533 marriage between Catherine de Medici with the Duke of Orleans. She wore heels made in Florence for her wedding, which made high heeled shoes a norm for ladies of the Duke's court in France. In fact, it's plausible that the "modern" high heel was invented by non other than Leonardo da Vinci (heeled wiki). Within the next century, European woman walked on heels 5 inches and higher, balancing with canes so as not to fall. As the working class couldn't afford to wear such shoes high heel shoe heights fell. And therefore after they rose or fell according to the fashion (NU heels). Use of high heeled shoe Although most people equate high-heeled shoes with women, this is not only not the case throughout history; it's still not the case today. Many men throughout the Western world, including Europe, the U.S., Canada, and other countries, wear high-heeled shoes on a regular basis, and for a diversity of reasons. High-heeled male dance shoes (often called Cuban heel or Latin heel shoes) are fairly common, especially for shorter male partner dancers and are not considered effeminate or transvestite wear (heeled shoe wiki).How women use high heeled shoe In the 19th century the high heeled shoe became the top style to own. Although Europe brought the new trend for high heels, America wasn't far behind in becoming of style. In 1888 the first heel factory in the United States opened, making it unnecessary for women to import their shoes from Paris (The history of heels, n.d.). Newly liberated, women in the early part of the 20th century favored sensible shoes. But in the 1920s, as hemlines rose, legs and feet were suddenly on display and shoes needed to be as beautiful as they were practical (The history of heels, n.d.). Despite being in and out of style, high heels reached new level with the advent of the stiletto in the 1950s. And to the dislike of many women, high heels popped up again in fashion magazines in the 1990s. Still, whether a woman thinks heels are the height of fashion or the height of pain, she usually has a least five pair in her closet for the occasion when flat shoes just won't do (The history of heels, n.d.).Despite women have a love/hate relationship with high-heeled shoes. This does not prevent the most of women from owning a number pair of high heels. A small number of women

Eric Foner A short history of reconstruction Essay

Eric Foner A short history of reconstruction - Essay Example Presidential Reconstruction is a short period of presidency from 1863 to 1866 of both Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. In an attempt to unify the nation, political activity of the presidents was strongly opposed by the Radical Republicans. Even though Johnson was in favor of anti-slavery politics, he vetoed the punitive legislation against southern planters. Officially he was against slavery and, at the same time, in reality was in favor of rich plantation owners of the South. And, already in 1866 the Radical Republicans gained power and begun Congressional Reconstruction. Having analyzed politics in Washington, D.C., it should be noted that emancipation proclamation as well as anti-slavery laws were not an easy decisions to take, because it was people’s wealth, country’s economy, political power and many others important issues which were put at stake. Furthermore, emancipation did not go smoothly and painlessly. The rich plantation owners were neither ready, nor willing to let their free workforce go. And war, which began, was â€Å"the midwife of revolution† (Foner 2). As the author has noted, the proclamation was just official document in support of the revolutionary movement which had begun much earlier. Despite all the difficulties and controversies, slavery finally ended while Confederacy was defeated. The meaning of the word ‘freedom’ began to gain its new shade for Americans regaining its true position in society purified by Civil War events. Only by the end of 1870s the Reconstruction did provide freed slaves with some rights under the law which had been signed much earlier. Yet, the years of Reconstruction can be considered as a new starting point of new and right democracy, which has been destined to fight its way through until present days. Not only was Reconstruction one of the most

The American Heart Associations Importance To Todays Generation Research Paper

The American Heart Associations Importance To Todays Generation - Research Paper Example widespread of deaths and disabilities resulting from cardiovascular diseases, which are accompanied by the current state of health and the high risk lifestyle of today’s generation. Cardiovascular diseases account to about 40 percent of death each year (Kochane & Ed 5). Cardiovascular diseases are lifestyle diseases that become more widespread as nations become more industrialized. These diseases are, however, preventable, and can be controlled with changes in lifestyle, environment and diet. Sedentary lifestyle, which is a common phenomenon in today’s generation, is one of the key risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. In 2003, 62 percent of men and 48 percent of women above 15 years follow sedentary lifestyle in America (Kochane 2). However, evidences are clear that this lifestyle causes heart diseases including its risk factors like obesity, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol level and diabetes (Kochane 2). For example, a statistical results indicated that 27 percent of girls and 22 percent of boys watched TV for more than four hours per day. They were established to be overweight as compared to their active counterparts (World Health Orga nization 73). It is also estimated that 4 percent of women and 3 percent of men over 30 years, die as a result of cardiovascular diseases due to lack of regular physical activity. Regular physical exercise provides health benefits and reduces most of the risk factors that cause cardiovascular diseases. Population that is physically active has about half the number of cardiovascular disease cases as compared to physically inactive population (Al-Maskari 1). Moderate physical activities are essential in the human body as they encourage metabolism processes (Al-Maskari 1). It also helps in burning the excess fat in the body, and eliminating salts from the bloodstream. The American Heart Association suggests that all adults should do at least 20 minutes or more of moderate intensity physical activity on most days

Environmental Issues For The Countries Of Asia Environmental Sciences Essay

Environmental Issues For The Countries Of Asia Environmental Sciences Essay Asia and its various countries have considerable environmental issues which are cause for concern if not managed effectively. Most of these issues stem from the introduction of capitalism, which has meant rapid industrialisation at a pace difficult to keep up with. Environmental issues arising from capitalism are exploitation of land and natural resources, with devastating effects. Rapid population growth has seen an increase in air pollution and has also been a major issue in developing countries. This paper will look at some of the important environmental issues in Japan, China and Indonesia. It will also look at what governments and transnational organisations have done to address them. Currently, environmental issues are population, water eutrophication, air pollution, waste management, nature conservation, chemical management and international co-operation for environmental conservation  [1]  . Japan currently has one of the worlds highest life expectancies at 81.25 and ranked at the 10th most populated country with 127 million in 2006  [2]  . It has been anticipated that due to falling birth-rates the population will be lower in the long term, yet the current ageing population will rise from 6% to 15% by 2025  [3]  . One issue is how the smaller, younger working generations will support the larger ageing generations  [4]  and what plans the government has in store to address these issues. From an environmental viewpoint, on one hand the workforce and younger generations contribute to the economy, and so balance out their own greater energy consumption. However it is thought that the older generation will ultimately consume more energy via the residential sector  [5]  . Another issue is how to keep Japans modest natural resources for e.g. land, air and water healthy for future generations  [6]  to enjoy. Lake Biwa provides a good example of water eutrophication. Post Second World War economic activities led to economic growth of Japan  [7]  . Due to no knowledge of water quality management, contamination from local industry and agricultural runoff led to rapid and intense pollution and deterioration of many water systems e.g. Lake Biwas plankton biomass, red and bluegreen algae blooms and eventual high rate of eutrophication  [8]  .The introduction of wastewater treatment, banning of certain detergents containing polyphosphates and construction of wetlands to support drainage by local government and community efforts led to a halt in degradation  [9]  . At the same time as Lake Biwa, Minamata Bay was being poisoned. Minamata Disease was not discovered until it was realised that approximately 4000 victims  [10]  had in common the fact they had all eaten fish from the Minamata Bay. After years of testing, along with protests from the Nippon Chisso Company who had a defective production process for acetaldehyde, it was finally determined that massive amounts of mercury had been dumped into the bay by the same company, and had caused much suffering and death  [11]  . Industrialisation has caused air pollution to be a major issue in Japan. In the 1950s and 60s it experienced levels of pollution 3-5 times higher than current national ambient air quality standards  [12]  hence very high rates of asthma and other respiratory illnesses  [13]   Japans population, limited resources and past environmental experiences have meant moving toward more sustainable development. The government has recognised the need to address these problems. The Millennium Project is one strategy whereby the government is committed to achieving set Millennium Development Goals to help reverse international problems of poverty and sustainable development  [14]  . Concurrently, ESRI (Economic and Social Research Institute) began a study called A study on Economic Social Structure in the 21st Century, which manages issues of ageing impact on the environment. Strict regulations; strong monitoring abilities; overhauling of relevant legislative framework; setting new standards and monetary assistance for research on sustainable technologies have been effective in the implementation of environmental policy  [15]  . Family policy was implemented in the shape of pension reform; the introduction of the LTCI (Long Term Care Insurance) and its reform in 2005  [16]  and Health Policy  [17]  . All are all ways in which the government and transnational organisations have attempted to address the environmental problems. China According to Thavasi and Ramakrishna, China represents 20% of the global population with 1.3 billion people. There is no doubt that the urbanisation of the Chinese population and environmental issues are directly connected. The link between population growth, the need for economic growth and energy consumption unfortunately overlaps with agriculture, natural resources and industrial activities. This overlap is has a negative impact upon human health and the immediate environment, and according to Bannister is irreparable in the medium term  [18]  . Many would agree that air pollution is one of Chinas major environmental issues and is determined by some to be one of the leading causes of death. It is caused mainly by burning of fossil fuels for electricity production and transport  [19]  . The transport sector has grown in conjunction with the population over recent decades. The consumption of petroleum for transport increased on an average 6.7% a year between 1990 and 2002. Although China was a primary producer of petroleum, they began importing in 1996 as consumption outweighed produce. By 2007 Chinas net oil imports including crude and refined petroleum products had increased rapidly at an astonishing rate of 22 percent annually, reaching 197 million tonnes in 2007  [20]  . About 90% of the fuel used to generate electricity from consists of coal, making thermal power stations a major source of concentrated pollution. This pollution consists of primary particles and S0à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ emissions, of which China is classified as 99 in the world based on its C0à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ emissions per capita  [21]  . Larger power plants are more efficient in terms of coal use than smaller plants because they have higher combustion efficiency, so less coal is needed to create the same amount of power. Also, the taller smoke stacks of the larger power plants disperse pollution over a much larger area making them appear less damaging per ton than the smaller plants, whose pollution is spread over a more concentrated area  [22]  . Government strategies have been to close down the smaller plants, limit mining of high -sulphur coal and encourage encourage high stacks on power plants. These strategies were not enough to keep emissions below the emission standards. In 2004 the government implemented a decree to raise fees for sulphur emissions. All new plants will install desulphurisation and older plants will install over time  [23]  . Most recently, the government plan to reduce sulphur emissions is to install (FGD) flue gas desulphurisation so that by2010, emissions will be reduced by 6 000 million tons  [24]  . With the exception of cement manufacturing which is spread throughout urban and rural areas, heavy industry such as chemical manufacturing plants and large iron and steel mills were a major part of Chinas economy in the past. By means of government policy of the time, these plants and mills were built close to cities to create employment and increase economy  [25]  . Human exposure to these and other air pollutants can cause health issues such as respiratory illnesses, chronic bronchitis, skin and eye irritation, chronic and obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary heart disease, asthma and lung cancer  [26]   Water quality has also been affected by industry. Population growth led to expansion of cities and industry. This resulted in a large increase of freshwater aqua cultural fishing, more dumped industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and sewerage which has caused rapid decline of Chinas water supply and similar to Japan, the worsening eutrophication of lakes  [27]  . Between 2000 and 2005, an increase from 30% to 45% in wastewater treatment should have seen a slowing down of eutrophication. However, due to the mentioned expansion, the amount of wastewater entering the lakes continues to increase accordingly. The four trophic states of a lake are ogliotrophic being most pure, mesotrophic, eutrophic and hypereutrophic being virtually dead. To reach the hypereutrophic state could take thousands of years if at all. However the waste continually enters the lakes at such a rate that it has caused some like Dianche Lake, to change from eutrophic to hypereutrophic in less than 20 years  [28]  . Measures implemented by the government to reduce water pollution include building more wastewater plants and sewer collection systems, promoting clean production in factories, control of types and quantities of pesticides used, and more environmentally friendly methods of irrigation. Research on economical technologies into prevention of damage from fertilisers is also being conducted by the government in conjunction with local communities  [29]  . South-east Asia The most important pressures on Japans environment today originate from transport, agriculture, industry and, particularly, the growth of energy demand and private final consumption. Priority environmental issues include urban air pollution (NOx, suspended particulate matter, toxics), waste management, water eutrophication, nature conservation, climate change, chemical management and international co-operation for environmental conservation. The Ministry of the Environment was established in 2001, 30 years after the Japan Environment Agency (which it replaced), with extended or strengthened environmental responsibilities such as waste management, international environmental co-operation. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/0/16/2110703.pdf Environmental performance review of Japan:summary and conclusions

The Infinity Mirror :: The Infinity Mirror

The Infinity Mirror    "Tularecito" is a myth about truth. Tularicito, just a character of that myth, is the focus for this glossed over fable. Steinbeck draws on this form of genre to present the idea that we are all a part of what happens to others, based upon our nature.    The image presented of Tularecito is that of a demon, an idiot savant, a boy with a gift from God, and that gift's cost. He is a freak, a dangerous misfit, an innocent who does not need the constraints of reality. Tularecito is a test. The test is one of moral caliber. It is a test of the souls of the characters who overshadaow Tularecito.    Pancho is a man that is both holy and sinful. His purfunctory act of church going becomes true belief as alcohol demons induce him to halucinate a deformed boy into an outcast from hell. He looks into his mirror and sees himself, becomes shaken, reforms.    From Pancho's employer, Franklin Gomez, we get a cold hard look into society. We see a mother, knowing her son is to be hated and feared, and perhaps possibly killed, cannot face killing her son with her bare hands. She leaves the killing to exposure to the elements, enying herself a look into Tularecito.    Franklin adopts Pancho's demon, and Tularecito transforms into a disadvantaged who has been gifted with talent. Tularecito becomes a man at the age of six, "The boy grew rapidly, but after the fifth year his brain did not grow any more," To Franklin, Tularecito is grace, and graceless. He is talented in all things of any physical strength, and well proficient in the creation of beauty, and an artist in the care for life of nature. The touch of Tularecito brings beauty, and life, and love to the world, until he becomes enraged, (should anyone endanger what came from the touch of his hand). Franklin looked into   Tularecito's mirror and saw what Tularecito was.

Effect smoking has on our society Essay

Smoking cigarettes have been determined to be responsible for the premature death of over 400,000 people each year in the United States. It has been described as the single most preventable disease today. This paper will cover a basic overview of the history of smoking, advertising, health findings, and legal liability realized from cigarette manufactures. The current trends and laws concerning the use of tobacco will also be addressed. Most of us know that George Washington was America’s first President of the United States. This is common knowledge and still taught today in public schools. However, one of the more astonishing facts that is generally not discussed is that George Washington inherited an enormous tobacco plantation that was comprised of 10,000 acres of land as well as approximately 50 slaves who were transported to the Americas from Africa. Because of the rising prices of tobacco in the 1730’s, George Washington at the age of 21 was one of the wealthiest men in Virginia. (Badertscher, 2005, p.2). Could this have been one of the first accounts that sociologist Karl Marx (1818-1883) assessed when formulating his theory of social conflict. In the example of George Washington and his tobacco plantation, capitalism and the alienation that it produced among its slaves, who were tirelessly working in the tobacco fields was rampant during that time and also making George Washington a very rich man. The popularity of smoking in the 1700’s would continue to grow for the next 200 years in the United States. Along with this path little if any regulation from our government would follow. Because of the addictive qualities that are a part of the cigarette and its tobacco, our society would slowly and unknowingly become addicted. Many years would go by and by the beginning part of the twentieth century; cigarette manufacturers such as RJ Reynolds and Philip Morris were spending over 8 million dollars in advertising each year. By the 1920’s tobacco and cigarette consumption was taking hold in the United States. Cigarette smoking was not only common, but it was increasingly being more fashionable. Originally gender stratification provided that is was unbecoming or a private matter at best that woman would be cigarette smokers. Yet in advertising, pretty woman were often used and eventually once tobacco giants realized that woman were also an enormous market share, their creativeness and opportunist as a capitalist took hold. During the 1920’s, Lucky Strike, a leader in striking tobacco claims finally went right after the female with no regard of gender bias. One of their famous campaign slogans, â€Å"Reach for a Lucky instead of a sweet† instantly played on the ability of a woman to stay thin by asserting the benefits of smoking a cigarette as an appetite suppressant.(Gardner, 2006, p.222-224). Unsubstantiated claims were common, by the 1940’s, an advertising agency by the name of , the William Esty Company worked exclusively for R.J Reynolds, here they developed their own surveys, often giving out free cartons of cigarettes to their newest spokespeople, doctors. Here they employed a gallant tactic. Because of the fact that so many people smoked cigarettes, including doctors, the cigarette companies went for the most trusted people of that time. For the next 6 years, beginning in 1946, their memorable slogan would read, â€Å"More doctors smoke Camels than any other cigarette† They listed this as fact and claim to survey thousands of doctors, it would be discovered that these questionnaires would always include a free supply of cigarettes to the respondents. (Gardner, 2006, p. 224-225) By the beginning of 1950, the health concerns from smoking tobacco could no longer go unnoticed. Consequently, cigarette makers would stop picturing doctors in their advertisements, but next they would include the likes of celebrities, such as sports figures and movie stars. In 1961, several groups including the American Cancer Society and the American Heart Association wrote President John F. Kennedy and asked that the United States Government take an active role in measuring the health consequences of using tobacco. Several years later in 1964, the Surgeon General of the U.S. Public Health Service released the first report on tobacco smoking and related issues concerning a smoker’s health. The findings showed that cigarette smoking is a cause of lung cancer in men, the most important cause of chronic bronchitis and a probable cause of cancer in woman. The Surgeon General also stipulated that every year a new report would be released. (Terry, 1964). Next, the United States Congress would enact the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1965 and also the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969. Cigarette makers would now be required to put a health warning on the side of a cigarette package, warning the users of its dangers. It also for the first time put certain restrictions on the types of advertising that cigarette manufactures could employ. (cite) As an example of sociological evolution, computer technology would allow for a vast amount of statistics to compile. During this same period, data was showing a huge number of premature deaths and exclusive illnesses directly related to tobacco users. Conversely, cigarette manufactures were able to more closely follow their target market. The television would eventually be eliminated as a method of advertising, however the magazine, radio, internet and United States Postal service would allow for a huge audience of smokers and future smokers to be reached. Now fast forward to the 1990’s, and by 1998 the Center for disease control and prevention (CDC) the United States governments â€Å"official† fact finder determined by using a basic two question survey as their research method, that there were 47.2 million adult smokers which represented 24% of the population. During this same time period, from the years of 1995-1999, figures and estimates were showing that 440,000 people were dying prematurely each year due to smoking. Hospital and health care costs were skyrocketing. Liability was becoming a costly issue for the cigarette giants. (Leverett, 2002, p. 88). 13 states brought immense lawsuits against the cigarette manufactures and eventually won in a landmark settlement in 1998. The settlement involved medical expenses incurred by smokers, insurance companies, workers compensation and Medicare costs. It would include payments to each of the 13 states until the year 2025 to the sum of 196 billion dollars.(Coller, 2002,p.984) Tobacco usage is by far not limited to the United States. To best explain its usage today is to reveal the number of deaths attributed to smoking on a worldwide level. World-wide each year over 5 million people will die from cigarette smoking and estimates that 10 million deaths per year is possible by the year 2025. It is also estimated that if cigarette consumption continues matched with new emerging markets. That by 2030, one human being will die every four seconds from the negative effects of cigarette smoking. (Tomlinson, 1997, p. 3). Cigarette manufacturers are still entering new markets throughout the world today. As of 2010, Phillip Morris International has their product available for sale in 160 countries. In the near future, small developing countries such as, South Korea and Vietnam will also be captive to this epidemic situation and will eventually be included in dark future statistics. Because of the extreme danger and liability concerns, secondhand smoke is now another area of contention. Secondhand smoke is defined as a mixture of side stream smoke from the end of a burning cigarette and exhaled mainstream smoke.(Jarvie, 2008,p. 2140) It has also been identified that secondhand smoke causes lung cancer, respiratory tract injury, and heart disease. Over 50 carcinogens have been recognized in secondhand smoke.(Malone, 2008, 2145) The American Lung Association has compiled an enormous data bank of information concerning the devastating statistics with tobacco use of American citizens. There are 443,000 deaths each year that are attributed to smoking tobacco. In 2004, it was determined that smoking cost the U.S. nearly 193 billion dollars. This included 96 billion dollars in health care costs and 97 billion dollars lost in productivity. This amounts to $4,260 per year, per adult smoker. (CDCP, 2004). It has been determined that cigarettes contain over 4,800 different chemicals and 69 of them are known to cause cancer. Chronic lung disease accounts for 73 percent of smoking related conditions. It has been determined that smokers die at a faster rate than non-smokers. On average a smoker’s life is shortened by 13.2 years for an adult male and 14.5 years for an adult woman. (CDCP 2006). Statistics are meaningless when it comes to measuring the level of pain and discomfort that a person will experience by smoking regularly for a lengthy period of time. The list goes on for painful, serious diseases caused by smoking tobacco, as most smokers will not experience instant death. The diseases caused by smoking include; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), this includes chronic bronchitis, and emphysema, coronary heart disease, stroke, abdominal acute aneurysm, acute myeloid leukemia, cataract, pneumonia, periodontitis, and bladder, esophageal, laryngeal, lung, oral, throat, cervical, kidney, stomach and pancreatic cancers. (Surgeon general 2004). Workplaces throughout the United States are going smoke free to provide clean indoor air and protecting employees from life threatening effects of second hand smoke. Nearly 70 percent of the U.S. work force worked under a smoke free policy in 1999. (Gibson, 2001). Finally in June of 2009, 45 years after the 1964 Surgeon Generals first report on the hazards of cigarette smoking, President of the United States Barack Obama signed the Tobacco Control Act. This gives the Food and Drug Administration the authority to regulate and control tobacco. It does not give them the authority to ban cigarettes or remove nicotine all together. They are still evaluating whether or not they will reduce the amounts of nicotine in cigarettes. They are also granted the power to regulate advertising and the promotion of tobacco in the United States, which to include the possibility of graphic pictures and labeling on the package of cigarettes. (FDA cite) Today 165 countries have signed on to the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). The treaty joins these countries to adopt current and future policies regarding and limiting the use of tobacco. As well as enforcing tighter control on advertising and packaging of tobacco. (Tynan, 2010, p3). As a result of the alarming numbers and data showing the ill effects of cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke, governments are starting to wake up and fight back at these large wealthy cigarette manufactures. The Australian High Court has upheld one of the world’s toughest tobacco rules. Once again after lengthy court battles between the giant cigarette manufactures and the Australian government, new cigarette labeling laws has gone into effect at the time of this writing. Beginning December 2012, the court has paved the right for extreme restrictive cigarette package labeling to go into effect. Cigarette packs in Australia now must display graphic images of mouth cancer, diseased lungs and gangrenous limbs. In addition, brand logos are banned and these graphic images dominate the entire package. British American Tobacco, Imperial Tobacco, Japan Tobacco, and Philip Morris International had all argued that a ban on brand logos would infringe on their intellectual property rights. The High Court of Australia rejected their argument. Now industry analysts feel that this may propel other countries to follow suit with this type of restrictive labeling. The ruling was welcomed by Australian officials, with hopes to drive cigarette sales down even further, coupled with the extremely high taxation already imposed on the sale of tobacco in Australia. Today smokers in Australia spend on average, $16.80 (us dollars) on one pack of cigarettes. The new law will require health warnings to cover 75 percent of the front of the cigarette package and cover 90 percent of the back of the package. According to the Australian Cancer Council, as of 2010, smoking rates have declined, but still remain at 16.4 percent among adult men and 13.9 percent among adult women. In the U. S., the figures from the Center for Disease Control show the smoking rate to be 21.5 percent for adult men and 17.3 percent for adult women.(Siegal, 2012). Also this year in the Ukraine, all advertising including, television, radio, print, internet, coupons, even advertising on the counter at a point of sale is banned. (Target, 2012,p1) While these two markets are comparably small in size, the message that is being sent to the cigarette manufacturer and to the world is enormous. By representing the best interest of the non-addicted citizen, governments are finally starting to stand up, take action and force the issue. It appears that these types of small countries are at least willing to interact and negotiate with the giant lobbyist’s that are so commonly found in giant governments like the United States of America. Finally in the United States, individual states are establishing smoking restrictions in public spaces and public buildings. Today over 70% of the United States population is represented by some type of smoking regulation in public spaces. (cite) After many failed attempts at passing substantial legislation limiting the locations where cigarette smokers can smoke cigarettes, the state of Indiana in July of 2012 has enacted a new no smoking policy throughout the state in regard to public buildings. Smoking is now prohibited in all public spaces, including retail establishments and restaurants. Concessions had to be made to casino and bars as the state predicted tax revenue could drop nearly 190 million dollars per year by not allowing people to smoke here. While a major argument was for the betterment of workplace safety, last minute provisions were included to allow smoking in nursing homes and fraternal clubs located throughout the state. (cite in.gov) Constantly big tobacco companies are still grabbing headlines in today’s newspapers. This past week on November 30, 2012, a federal judge has ordered tobacco companies to publish statements that require them to publicly admit that they had repeatedly lied to the public about the known dangers of smoking and that they disclose the known health effects, including the death on average of 1,200 people per day. U.S. District Judge Gladys Kessler previously has said she wanted the cigarette industry to pay for corrective advertisements. But know the judge is laying out what she wants the cigarette giants to say. Each advertisement is to include a statement from the defendant tobacco companies that says, â€Å"Deliberately deceived the American public about the health effects of smoking.† The required statements are to include,†That smoking kills more people than murder, AIDS, suicide, drugs, car crashes and alcohol combined†. Also, â€Å"That secondhand smoke kills over 3,000 Americans each year.† These corrective statements are part of a case the government initiated in 1999. Judge Kessler ruled on that case in 2006 that the nation’s largest cigarette makers hid the dangers of smoking for decades from the public and that she wanted the smoking industry to pay for corrective advertising. The Justice Department proposed most of the legal wording and worked in conjunction with Judge Kessler. Kessler went on to write, â€Å"That all findings are based on factual evidence that was proven by a court of law†. She goes to say, â€Å"The court has made a number of explicit findings that the tobacco companies perpetuated fraud and deceived the public regarding the addictiveness of cigarettes and nicotine. A spokesperson for the nation’s biggest tobacco company, Philip Morris USA, said they were studying the court’s decision and that they had no further comment. The unfortunate part of this story is that, the ending is not here. This case had begun in 1999 and nearly fourteen years later, the cigarette conglomerates are still managing to attempt to skirt these horrendous issues. Today there are many tools and opportunities to help a person stop smoking. There are seven different medications approved by the FDA to help a person quit smoking. The nicotine patch, nicotine gum, and nicotine lozenges are available as over the counter medicine. A nasal spray and inhaler are available by prescription. Name brand prescription such as Zyban and Chantix are non-nicotine pills that can also be used to help stop smoking. A national help program, 1-800-QUIT-NOW, can be accessed anywhere in the United States and is a free program sponsored by individual states and the Department of Health and Human Services. They offer new personal innovative tools to help individuals stop smoking, and include free counseling and free nicotine patches. Nicotine is a highly addictive drug, which when inhaled reaches the brain faster than drugs that enter the body intravenously. Quitting smoking usually takes multiple attempts. If someone is serious about stopping smoking, here is a valuable service to extend those possibilities. We teach our children about the Presidency of the United States. It includes our first President George Washington, a story about a cherry tree, and a maybe even more propaganda, that he could not tell a lie. Nowhere is there a mention of his greatest truth. He was one of our forefathers of tobacco. Then followed almost 300 years, mixed with another great giant of America, which is capitalism. What comes next is a society that is heavily addicted to cigarette smoking and unquestionably very sick from the dangers of over 4,800 chemicals that are comprised of the cigarette. When people become addicted to something that is more powerful than them and unable to stop it from continuing, they then develop defense mechanisms that prevent themselves from seeing the truth. September 11, 2001 was a day where U.S. soil became a target of terrorist attacks, and a day that will never be forgotten. A sad remembered day when 2,996 people perished. In the next 12 months, there will be 443,000 more people who will die, this time from the negative effects of cigarette smoking. This is equivalent to the United States of America having an attack on United States soil every two and a half days, and counting. References Badertscher, Eric. (2005) George Washington. Great Neck Publishing. Retrieved on September 28, 2012 from Ebscohost database. http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/ Coller, Maribeth. (2002) Evaluating the Tobacco Settlement Damages: Too Much or Not Enough. American Journal of Public Health. Retrieved on September 28, 2012 From Proquest database. http://search.proquest.com.allstate.1bproxy. Gardner, Martha. (2006). The Doctor’s Choice is America’s Choice. American Journal Of Public Health. Retrieved on September 18, 2012 from Proquest data base. Indiana Ok’s Smoking Smoking Ban. (2012). Retrieved on September 16, 2012 from http://www.In.gov/legislative/bills/2012/he/he1149.l.html Jarvie, Jill. (2008). Children’s Secondhans Smoke Exposure in Private Homes and Cars. American Journal of Public Health. 2140-5. Retrieved on September 20, 2012 From Proquest Database. Leverett, Michelle. (2002). Tobacco Use: The Impact of Prices. The Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics. Retrieved on September 26, 2012 from Proquest database. Plain Cigarette Packs in Australia. (2012) The Lancet Journal. Retrieved on September 28, 2012 from Proquest database. Tobacco expands their Epidemic of Death. (2011). Elsvier Limited. Retrieved on September 28, 2012 from Proquest database. Tobacco Products and Advertising is Banned in Ukraine. (2012). Targeted News Service. Retrieved on September 24, 2012 from Proquest database. Tomlinson, Richard. (1997) Smoking Death Toll Shifts to Third World. British Medical Journal. Retrieved on September 28, 2012 from Proquest database. Tynan, Martha. (2010). Current Opportunities in Tobacco Control. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Retrieved on September 26, 2012 from Proquest databas